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MOVEMENT DISORDERS |
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Parkinson's Disease |
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Parkinson's disease
(also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is
a degenerative disorder of the central nervous
system |
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that often impairs
the sufferer's motor skills, speech, and other
functions. The disease is named after English
apothecary |
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James
Parkinson, who made a detailed description of the
disease in his essay: "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy"
(1817). |
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Dystonia |
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Dystonia is a
neurological movement disorder in which sustained
muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive |
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movements or
abnormal postures. The disorder may be hereditary or
caused by other factors such as birth-related |
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or other physical
trauma, infection, poisoning (e.g., lead poisoning) or
reaction to pharmaceutical drugs,
particularly |
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neuroleptics. |
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Essential
Tremor |
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Tremor is involuntary trembling involving a
certain part of the body. Essential tremor (ET)
is tremor that occurs with |
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purposeful movement (e.g., holding a glass
to drink, shaving, writing, or buttoning a shirt). It
occurs most often in the |
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hands and head but it also can affect the
arms, voice box (larynx), trunk, and legs. |
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Essential tremor is caused by abnormalities
in areas of the brain that control movement and does not
occur as the result |
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of disease (e.g., Parkinson's disease). ET
usually does not result in serious complications. |
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Restless
Legs Syndrome |
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Restless
legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Wittmaack-Ekbom's
syndrome or Jimmy Legs is a condition that is |
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characterized by an irresistible urge to move one's body
to stop uncomfortable or odd sensations. It most commonly |
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affects the legs, but can also affect the arms or torso,
and even phantom limbs. Moving the affected body part |
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modulates the sensations, providing temporary relief. |
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Huntington's Disease |
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Huntington's disease is a progressive, degenerative
disease that causes certain nerve cells in your brain to
waste away. |
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As a result, you may experience uncontrolled movements,
emotional disturbances and mental deterioration. |
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Huntington's disease is an inherited disease. Signs and
symptoms usually develop in middle age. Younger people
with |
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Huntington's disease often have a more severe case, and
their symptoms may progress more quickly. Rarely, children
may |
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develop Huntington's disease. |
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Medications are available to help manage the signs and
symptoms of Huntington's disease, but treatments can't
prevent the |
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physical and mental decline associated with the condition.
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Wilson's
Disease |
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Wilson's disease is a condition where too much copper
builds up in the body. It is a rare inherited disorder
that affects |
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about 1 in 30,000 people. It is named after Dr Samual
Wilson who first described the disorder in 1912. |
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If you inherit the genetic fault in Wilson's disease, your
body is not able to get rid of copper. Copper is a 'trace
metal' |
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which is in many foods. You need tiny amounts of copper to
remain healthy. Normally, the body gets rid of any excess |
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copper. People with Wilson's disease cannot get rid of
excess copper and so it builds up in the body, mainly in
the liver, |
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the brain, the cornea and kidneys. |
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Inherited
Ataxias |
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Ataxia, a
medical term originated from the Greek language meaning
"without order," refers to disturbances in the control of |
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body
posture,
motor coordination, speech control, and eye movements.
Several brain areas, including the
cerebellum
and |
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the
spinocerebellar tracts,
substantia nigra,
pons,
and cerebral cortex
control these functions. Injuries in one or more of |
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these areas
or in the spinal cord may lead to some form of ataxia.
Birth trauma, medication toxicity, drug abuse,
infections, |
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tumors, degenerative
disorders, head injury,
stroke,
or aneurysm,
as well as hereditary
neurological
disorders also may |
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cause
ataxia. Many different types of inherited ataxias are
presently known. Examples include
Machado-Joseph disease, |
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ataxia-telangiectasia,
and Friedreich
ataxia. |
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Tourette
Syndrome |
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Tourette syndrome
(TS) is an inherited neurological disorder that
typically appears in childhood. The main
features of TS |
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are repeated movements and
vocalizations called tics. TS can also be
associated with behavioral and developmental |
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problems. |
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Cerebral
Palsy |
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Cerebral
palsy (CP) is an umbrella term for a group of disorders
affecting body movement, balance, and posture. Loosely |
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translated, cerebral palsy means “brain paralysis.”
Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage
in one or |
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more parts
of the brain that control muscle tone and motor activity
(movement). The resulting impairments first appear |
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early in
life, usually in infancy or early childhood. Infants
with cerebral palsy are usually slow to reach
developmental |
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milestones
such as rolling over, sitting, crawling, and walking.
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Common to
all individuals with cerebral palsy is difficulty
controlling and coordinating muscles. This makes even very
simple |
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movements
difficult. |
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Cerebral
palsy may involve muscle stiffness (spasticity), poor
muscle tone, uncontrolled movements, and problems with |
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posture,
balance, coordination, walking, speech, swallowing, and
many other functions. |
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Mental
retardation, seizures, breathing problems, learning
disabilities, bladder and bowel control problems, skeletal |
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deformities,
eating difficulties, dental problems, digestive problems,
and hearing and vision problems are often linked to CP |
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The severity
of these problems varies widely, from very mild and subtle
to very profound. |
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